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Kichwa (''Kichwa shimi'', ''Runashimi'', also Spanish ''Quichua'') is a Quechuan language which includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia ''(Inga)'', as well as extensions into Peru, and is spoken by a million people. The most widely spoken dialects are Chimborazo and Imbabura Highland Kichwa, with one to two million and half a million to one million speakers, respectively. Cañar Highland Quecha has 100,000–200,000 speakers; the others in the range of ten to twenty thousand. Kichwa belongs to the Northern Quechua group of ''Quechua II'' (according to Alfredo Torero). Kichwa syntax has undergone some grammatical simplification compared to Southern Quechua, perhaps due to partial creolization with the pre-Inca languages of Ecuador. A standardized language with a unified orthography (Kichwa Unificado, ''Shukyachiska Kichwa'') has been developed. It is similar to Chimborazo, less some of the phonological peculiarities of that dialect. The earliest grammatical description of Kichwa was written in the 17th century by the Jesuit priest Hernando de Alcocer.〔Ciucci, Luca & Pieter C. Muysken 2011. Hernando de Alcocer y la Breve declaración del Arte de la lengua del Ynga. El más antiguo manuscrito de quichua de Ecuador. Indiana 28: 359-393.〕 ==Particularities== In contrast to other regional varieties of Quechua, Kichwa does not distinguish between original ("Proto Quechua") and , which are both pronounced . Therefore, and , the allophones of the vowels and near , do not exist, and ''kiru'' can mean both "tooth" (''kiru'' in Southern Quechua) and "wood" (''qiru'' in Southern Quechua), and ''killa'' can mean both "moon" (''killa'') and "lazy" (''qilla'' ). Additionally, Kichwa in both Ecuador and Colombia has lost possessive and bidirectional suffixes (i.e. verbal suffixes indicating both subject and object), as well as the distinction between the exclusive and inclusive first person plural. Examples: *Instead of ''yayayku / taytayku'' ("Our Father", the Lord's Prayer) Kichwa people say ''ñukanchik yaya / ñukanchik tayta''. *In Kichwa, you do not say ''suyayki'' ("I wait for you"), but ''kanta shuyani''. On the other hand, other particularities of Quechua have been preserved. As in all varieties of Quechua, the words for 'brother' and 'sister' differ depending on whom they refer to. There are four different words for siblings: ''ñaña'' (sister of a woman), ''turi'' (brother of a woman), ''pani'' (sister of a man), and ''wawki'' (brother of a man). A woman reading "Ñuka wawki Pedromi kan" would therefore read aloud ''Ñuka turi Pedromi kan''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kichwa language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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